4/29/2025

Table 3.4


CategoryDescriptionCount%
Study DesignExperimental2764.3%
Survey819.0%
Qualitative / Interpretive49.5%
Mixed / Other37.1%
Message TypeWordplay / Pun1228.6%
Metaphor / Figurative Ambiguity1126.2%
Polysemy1023.8%
Rhetorical Vagueness614.3%
Visual–Verbal Ambiguity37.1%
Authenticity-RelatedContains authenticity constructs1740.5%
No authenticity constructs2559.5%